- Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5)
- Genes encoding cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H, EC 1.14.13.11), p-coumarate-3-hydroxylase (C3H,) and ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H)
- Coumarate CoA ligase (4CL)
- Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOMT)
- Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT)
- Cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR)
- Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase
- Aryl propenal double bond reductases (APDBR)
- Dirigent proteins
- Peroxidases